HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION AND CERVICAL CANCER (OWERWIEW)
Keywords:
Human papillomavirus, cervical cancer, screening, dysplasiaAbstract
Viral infections are responsible for 15–20% of all human cancers. Infection with oncogenic viruses can contribute to various stages of carcinogenesis. Despite effective screening methods, cervical cancer continues to be a major public health problem. There are large differences in morbidity and mortality from cervical cancer by geographic region. The age-specific prevalence of HPV varies widely in different populations and has shown two peaks of HPV positiveness in young and older women. Around the world, there have been many studies on the epidemiology of HPV infection and oncogenic properties due to different HPV genotypes. However, there are still many countries where population prevalence has not yet been determined. Moreover, screening strategies for cervical cancer differ from country to country. Organized cervical screening programs are potentially more effective than opportunistic screening programs.
References
M. E. McLaughlin-Drubin and K. Munger, “Viruses associated with human cancer,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease, vol. 1782, no. 3, pp. 127– 150, 2008.
J. M. M. Walboomers, M. V. Jacobs, M. M. Manos et al., “Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide,” .The Journal of Pathology, vol. 189, no. 1, pp. 12–19, 1999.
Global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020.
A. Asiaf, S. T. Ahmad, S. O. Mohammad, and M. A. Zargar, “Review of the current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention of human papillomavirus infection,” European Journal of Cancer Prevention, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 206–224, 2014.
R. Reid, C. R. Stanhope, B. R. Herschman, E. Booth, G. D. Phibbs, and J. P. Smith, “Genital warts and cervical cancer. I. Evidence of an association between subclinical papillomavirus infection and cervical malignancy,” Cancer, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 377–387, 1982.
Y. Jing, T. Wang, Z. Chen et al., “Phylogeny and polymorphism in the long control regions E6, E7, and L1 of HPV 8 Journal of OncologyType 56 in women from southwest China,” Molecular Medicine Reports, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 7131–7141, 2018.
V. Ramas, S. Mirazo, S. Bonilla, D. Ruchansky, and J. Arbiza, “Analysis of human papillomavirus 16 E6, E7 genes and Long Control Region in cervical samples from Uruguayan women,” Gene, vol. 654, pp. 103–109, 2018.
M. Lehoux, C. M. D’Abramo, and J. Archambault, “Molecular mechanisms of human papillomavirus-induced carcinogenesis,” Public Health Genomics, vol. 12, no. 5-6, pp. 268–280, 2009.
R. P. Insinga, E. J. Dasbach, and E. H. Elbasha, “Epidemiologic natural history and clinical management of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Disease: a critical and systematic review of the literature in the development of an HPV dynamic transmission model,” BMC Infectious Diseases, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 119, 2009.
A.B. Moscicki, Y. Ma, C. Wibbelsman et al., “Rate of and risks for regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 in adolescents and young women,” Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 116, no. 6, pp. 1373–1380, 2010.
A. F. Rositch, A. E. Burke, R. P. Viscidi, M. I. Silver, K. Chang, and P. E. Gravitt, “Contributions of recent and past sexual partnerships on incident human papillomavirus detection: acquisition and reactivation in older women,” Cancer Research, vol. 72, no. 23, pp. 6183–6190, 2012.
P. E. Gravitt, A. F. Rositch, M. I. Silver et al., “A cohort effect of the sexual revolution may be masking an increase in human papillomavirus detection at menopause in the United States,”. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 207, no. 2, pp. 272–280, 2013.
A. C. Rodriguez, M. Schiffman, R. Herrero et al., “Rapid clearance of human papillomavirus and implications for clinical focus on persistent infections,” JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 100, no. 7, pp. 513–517, 2008.
WHO, Comprehensive Cervical Cancer Control: A Guide to Essential Practice, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2nd edition, 2014.
G. Ronco, J. Dillner, K. M. Elfstrom et al., “Efficacy of HPV- ¨ based screening for prevention of invasive cervical cancer: follow-up of four European randomised controlled trials”. The Lancet, vol. 383, no. 9916, pp. 524–532, 2014.
S. K. Kjær, K. Frederiksen, C. Munk, and T. Iftner, “Longterm absolute risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or worse following human papillomavirus infection: role of persistence,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 102, no. 19, pp. 1478–1488, 2010.
J. Ferlay, I. Soerjomataram, R. Dikshit et al., “Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012,” International Journal of Cancer, vol. 136, no. 5, pp. E359–E386, 2015.
E. Altobelli, L. Rapacchietta, V. F. Profeta, and R. Fagnano, “HPV-vaccination and cancer cervical screening in 53 WHO European Countries: an update on prevention programs according to income level,” Cancer Medicine, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 2524–2534, 2019.
L. Bruni, L. Barrionuevo-Rosas, G. Albero et al., “Human papillomavirus and related diseases in Kazakhstan,” Summary Report, ICO Information Centre on HPV and Cancer (HPV Information Centre), Barcelona, Spain, 2014.
International Agency for Research on Cancer, European Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Cervical Cancer Screening, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2007.
F. Bray, J. Lortet-Tieulent, A. Znaor, M. Brotons, M. Poljak, and M. Arbyn, “Patterns and trends in human papillomavirus-related diseases in central and Eastern Europe and central Asia,” Vaccine, vol. 31, pp. H32–H45, 2013.
J. Ferlay, H.-R. Shin, F. Bray, D. Forman, C. Mathers, and D. M. Parkin, “Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008,” International Journal of Cancer, vol. 127, no. 12, pp. 2893–2917, 2010.
International Agency for Research on Cancer, “Cervix cancer screening. International agency for research on cancer,” in IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention, vol. 10, pp. 1–302, IARC Press, Lyon, France, 2005.
L. Bucchi, F. Baldacchini, S. Mancini et al., “Estimating the impact of an organised screening programme on cervical cancer incidence: a 26-year study from northern Italy,” International Journal of Cancer, vol. 144, no. 5, 2018.
S. I. Rogovskaya, I. P. Shabalova, I. V. Mikheeva et al., “Human papillomavirus prevalence and type-distribution, cervical cancer screening practices and current status of vaccination implementation in Russian Federation, the Western countries of the former Soviet Union, Caucasus region and Central Asia,” Vaccine, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. H46– H58, 2013.
L. Peirson, D. Fitzpatrick-Lewis, D. Ciliska, and R. Warren, “Screening for cervical cancer: a systematic review and metaanalysis,” Systematic Reviews, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 35, 2013.
S. L. Sudenga, A. F. Rositch, W. A. Otieno, and J. S. Smith, “Knowledge, attitudes, practices, and perceived risk of cervical cancer among Kenyan women: brief report,” International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 895–899, 2013.
World Health Organization, WHO Guidance Note: Comprehensive Cervical Cancer Prevention and Control: A Healthier Future for Girls and Women, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2013.
R. Sankaranarayanan, R. Anorlu, G. Sangwa-Lugoma, and L. A. Denny, “Infrastructure requirements for human papillomavirus vaccination and cervical cancer screening in SubSaharan Africa,” Vaccine, vol. 31, pp. F47–F52, 2013.
A. White, T. D. Tompson, M. C. White et al., “Cancer screening test use—United States, 2015,” MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, vol. 66, no. 8, pp. 201–206, 2017.
B. Olson, B. Gribble, J. Dias et al., “Cervical cancer screening programs and guidelines in low- and middle-income countries,” International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, vol. 134, no. 3, pp. 239–246, 2016.
K. Canfell, F. Sitas, and V. Beral, “Cervical cancer in Australia and the United Kingdom: comparison of screening policy and uptake, and cancer incidence and mortality,” Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 185, no. 9, pp. 482–486, 2006.
