PATHOGENESIS OF HICCUPS IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES

Abstract

Objective: To analyze the role of chronic inflammatory diseases in the development of persistent and chronic hiccups, as well as to review the main pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and modern treatment methods. Materials and Methods: An analytical review of contemporary clinical and experimental studies devoted to the pathogenesis of hiccups associated with chronic inflammatory processes was conducted. Data on damage to the diaphragm, phrenic and vagus nerves, as well as the central nervous system in various inflammatory diseases were analyzed. Results: It was established that chronic inflammatory processes in gastroesophageal reflux disease, pericarditis, pleuritis, as well as inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system lead to irritation of the components of the hiccup reflex arc. Inflammatory edema, cytokine release (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α), and compression of neural structures contribute to the development of persistent diaphragmatic spasms. Conclusion: Chronic hiccups represent a clinically significant symptom that may serve as a marker of an underlying inflammatory process. Timely diagnosis and pathogenetically justified treatment of inflammatory diseases allow effective relief of hiccups and prevention of complications.