ЖОН СТЕЙНБЕК ВА УЛУҒБЕК ҲАМДАМ НАСРИДА ЗАМОН-МАКОН МОДЕЛИ ВА ШАХС РУҲИЯТИНИНГ КЕНГҚАМРОВЛИ БАДИИЙ ТАЛҚИНИ

Abstract

This article examines the role of the chronotope — the unity of time and space — in the artistic representation of human psychology in the prose of John Steinbeck and Ulugbek Hamdam. The research focuses on Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men, as well as Hamdam’s novels Muvozanat and Isyon va itoat. The chronotope is interpreted not merely as a narrative background but as a poetic mechanism that externalizes psychological tension through social, geographical and moral space. In Steinbeck’s prose, the road, farm, camp and homelessness chronotopes reveal fear, hope and collective endurance, while in Hamdam’s works, the chronotopes of home, city, memory, spiritual boundary and inner journey express self-awareness and moral transformation. The article argues that both writers represent human psychology extensively: inner experience becomes visible through movement, spatial limitation and existential choice.