INTERRELATIONSHIP OF CLINICAL, IMMUNOLOGICAL, AND METABOLIC FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TYPE 1 DIABETES (LITERATURE REVIEW)
Keywords:
type 1 diabetes, autoimmune inflammation, β-cells, metabolic disorders, immunotherapy, biomarkers, gut microbiotaAbstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks pancreatic β-cells, leading to their destruction and absolute insulin deficiency. As a result, severe hyperglycemia develops, causing systemic metabolic disorders. This review analyzes the key aspects of T1D pathogenesis, including clinical manifestations, immune mechanisms, and metabolic consequences. Special attention is given to the role of genetic factors, the interaction between the immune system and metabolic processes, as well as modern diagnostic methods and new therapeutic strategies. The article discusses recent research aimed at identifying early diagnostic biomarkers, including autoantibodies and pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as promising treatment approaches such as immunotherapy, cell therapy, and the influence of gut microbiota on disease progression. Despite significant progress in understanding T1D pathogenesis, several unresolved issues remain, requiring further investigation, particularly the mechanisms of interaction between immune and metabolic processes and the potential for early interventions that could slow disease progression.
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