TRACE ELEMENT STATUS AS A PREDICTOR OF MYOPIA IN SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN IN REGIONS WITH HIGH POLLUTION LEVELS
Keywords:
Myopia, trace element status, school age, environmental pollution, zinc, copper, selenium, magnesium, heavy metals, preventionAbstract
Environmental pollution has a significant impact on children's health, acting as a factor that reduces the body's nonspecific resistance [1]. This has laid the foundation for the emergence of a new branch of medicine — "environmental pediatrics." In young children, a syndrome of environmental maladaptation has been described [2], characterized by a prolonged latent period, which complicates early etiological diagnosis.Technogenic pollution of the biosphere contributes to an increase in cases of microelementoses — pathological conditions caused by an imbalance of trace elements. In the pathogenesis of microelementoses, a significant role is played by the imbalance of chemical element antagonists of heavy metals [3]. The most well-known antagonistic pairs include lead–zinc, cadmium–zinc, lead–selenium, and lead–iodine. These microelements have varying effects on the immune and endocrine systems [4].Essential and toxic trace elements are an integral part of the geochemical background of each region [5,6]. When concentrations and ratios remain stable, the toxic effects of heavy metals on the body are neutralized. However, technogenic pollution alters the usual trace element parameters in the body, disrupting enzymatic systems and provoking immunological and endocrine dysfunctions, including thyroid disorders [7,8]. The relevance of studying trace element status as a predictor of myopia lies in the need for early diagnosis and prevention of endocrine disorders in children living in environmentally disadvantaged regions. One of the key factors affecting children's health is their trace element status, which plays an important role in regulating metabolic processes, as well as immune and endocrine functions [9,10].Particular attention should be paid to studying the trace element composition in children living in areas with high levels of environmental pollution, such as Kanlykul, Chimbay, Karaozek, Khodzheyli, Ellikkala districts, and the cities of Muynak and Nukus [11].
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