FEATURES OF THE MACRO- AND MICROELEMENT COMPOSITION OF THE “MOTHER–PLACENTA–FETUS” SYSTEM IN CHRONIC ANEMIA
Keywords:
pregnancy, iron deficiency anemia, placenta, umbilical cord, microelements, morphologyAbstract
Introduction. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) occupies an important place among pathologies affecting women’s reproductive health, especially during pregnancy. Disturbances in the balance of macro- and microelements in the human body play a significant role in the etiology of many diseases. The term “elementoses” encompasses all diseases and symptoms caused by deficiency, excess, or imbalance of these substances in the body.
Objective. To evaluate the features of the macro- and microelement composition of the placenta and umbilical cord in pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) of varying severity.
Materials and Methods. A prospective study was conducted on 400 pregnant women. The main group included 300 patients with a history of heavy menstrual bleeding and laboratory-confirmed IDA (Hb <110 g/L, ferritin <30 ng/mL). The control group consisted of 100 conditionally healthy pregnant women. The macro- and microelement composition of erythrocytes from the placenta and umbilical cord was analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDS). The following elements were assessed: C, O, N, Na, Mg, P, S, K, Ca, Si, Cl, Fe, Al.
Results. In patients with IDA, a significant decrease in oxygen content was revealed in the erythrocytes of the umbilical arteries and veins, as well as in the vessels of the chorionic villi and the intervillous space of the placenta.
Conclusion. Maternal anemia is associated with pronounced morphological and biochemical changes in the fetoplacental complex. Alterations in the elemental composition of the placenta and umbilical cord reflect an imbalance of macro- and microelements, forming the morphological basis of placental insufficiency and hypoxic-ischemic fetal damage.
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