EVOLUTION OF HEALTH CENTERS IN MEDIEVAL MUSLIM COUNTRIES
Keywords:
Middle Ages, Islam, medical institutions, hospital, medicine, donation, patientAbstract
After the advent of Islam, the methods of treatment that existed in Muslim countries were applied in harmony with medicine and religious rituals. Hospitals served as the first model of the "physical" medical institution. By the middle of the Middle Ages, medicine, as well as hospitals in the Muslim world, developed faster than their predecessors, as they were completely funded by the waqf.
References
Michael W. Dols, "The Origins of the Islamic Hospital: Myth and Reality," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 61, no. 3 (1987): p. 387.
Lawrence I. Conrad, "The Arab-Islamic Medical Tradition," in The Western Medical Tradition: 800 Bc to Ad 1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 136-137; Yaacov Lev, Charity, Endowments, and Charitable Institutions in Medieval Islam (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005), p. 72.
See for instance: ؛ 1997 اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ، اﻟﻜﺘﺎب دار :ﺑﯿﺮوت واﻻﻋﻼم، اﻟﻤﺸﺎھﯿﺮ ووﻓﯿﺎت اﻻﺳﻼم ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺬھﺒﻲ، اﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﺷﻤﺲ instance: for See 3. اﻟﻔﻜﺮ، دار :ﺑﯿﺮوت ﺧﻠﺪون، اﺑﻦ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺧﻠﺪون، اﺑﻦ ؛ 1988 اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ، اﻟﺘﺮاث إﺣﯿﺎء دار :ﺑﯿﺮوت واﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ، اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ، اﺑﻦ 1997. اﻟﻌﻠﻤﯿﺔ، اﻟﻜﺘﺐ دار :ﺑﯿﺮوت واﻵﺛﺎر، اﻟﺨﻄﻂ ﺑﺬﻛﺮ واﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻤﻮاﻋﻆ اﻟﻤﻘﺮﯾﺰي، اﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﺗﻘﻲ ؛ 1988
اﻻﺳﻼم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﯿﻤﺎرﺳﺘﺎن ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺑﻚ، ﻋﯿﺴﻰ 4.
.ص اﻻﺳﻼم، ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﯿﻤﺎرﺳﺘﺎن ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺑﻚ، ﻋﯿﺴﻰ 5.
J. K. Anand, "Etymology of the Word ‘Bimaristan’," Journal of the royal society of Medicine 100, no. 2 (2007): p. 69.
.ص : 1891 اﻟﺤﯿﺎة، ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ دار :ﺑﯿﺮوت اﻷطﺒﺎء، طﺒﻘﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺒﺎء ﻋﯿﻮن اﺻﯿﺒﻌﺔ، اﺑﻲ اﺑﻦ 7.
.ص اﻻﺳﻼم، ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﯿﻤﺎرﺳﺘﺎن ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺑﻚ، ﻋﯿﺴﻰ 8.
.ص 89 .ج : 1897 ، اﻟﻮﻓﺎء ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ :ﺑﯿﺮوت ، اﻻﻧﻮار ﺑﺤﺎر اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺴﻲ، ﺑﺎﻗﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ 9.
Qarang: Howard R. Turner, Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995); Peter Pormann and Emilie Savage-Smith, Medieval Islamic Medicine (Georgetown University Press, 2007); Conrad, "The Arab-Islamic Medical Tradition; Toby Huff, The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). Adam Sabra, Poverty and Charity in Medieval Islam: Mamluk Egypt, 1250-1517 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Lev, Charity, Endowments, and Charitable Institutions in Medieval Islam.
Dols, "The Origins of the Islamic Hospital: Myth and Reality," p. 370.
و .434ص 1 .ج واﻵﺛﺎر، اﻟﺨﻄﻂ ﺑﺬﻛﺮ واﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻤﻮاﻋﻆ اﻟﻤﻘﺮﯾﺰي، 12.
Dols, "The Origins of the Islamic Hospital: Myth and Reality," pp. 374-376.
1 Khan, Islamic Medicine, p. 6; Prioreschi, A History of Medicine: Byzantine and Islamic Medicine, 4, p. 201.
.ص اﻻﺳﻼم، ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﯿﻤﺎرﺳﺘﺎن ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺑﻚ، ﻋﯿﺴﻰ 15.
Dunlop, "Bimaristan in Early Period and Muslim East; McGrew, "Hospital," pp. 134-136; Porter, Health, Civilization, and the State: A History of Public Health from Ancient to Modern Times, pp. 11-23.
Dunlop, "Bimaristan in Early Period and Muslim East."
Shapur Shahbazi, "Gondešapur: The City," in Encyclopaedia Iranica, ed. Ehsan Yarshater (New York: Columbia University Center for Iranian Studies, 2012).
Lutz Richter-Bernburg, "Bo.tišu.,"O’sha yerda. (1282).
Andrew C Miller, "Jundi-Shapur, Bimaristans, and the Rise of Academic Medical Centres," Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 99(2006): pp. 615-616.
Dols, "The Origins of the Islamic Hospital: Myth and Reality," pp. 377-378.
Dols, "The Origins of the Islamic Hospital: Myth and Reality", p. 373.
Pormann and Savage-Smith, Medieval Islamic Medicine, p. 21.
Dols, "The Origins of the Islamic Hospital: Myth and Reality," – P. 384.
Dunlop, "Bīmāristān in Early Period and Muslim East."
Kevin Van Bladel, "Barmakids," in Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, ed. Gudrun Krämer, et al. (Brill Online, 2013).
Dols, "The Origins of the Islamic Hospital: Myth and Reality," – P. 382.
Dols, "The Origins of the Islamic Hospital: Myth and Reality," – P. 384-385.
Dols, "The Origins of the Islamic Hospital: Myth and Reality," p. 385.
اﻻﺳﻼم، ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﯿﻤﺎرﺳﺘﺎن ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺑﻚ، ﻋﯿﺴﻰ ؛ 41 49 .ص اﻟﻄﺐ، ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻋﻦ ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻻﺳﻼم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ اﻻداب اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ، 4 30.
Emilie Savage-Smith, "Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts," (1994), http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/islamic_medical/index.html.
François P. Retief and Louise Cilliers, "The Evolution of Hospitals from Antiquity to the Renaissance " Acta Theologica Supplementum 7(2005): p. 227.
In Pormann and Savage-Smith, Medieval Islamic Medicine, p. 110.
Pormann and Savage-Smith, Medieval Islamic Medicine, p. 101.
Lev, Charity, Endowments, and Charitable Institutions in Medieval Islam, p. 145.
Lev, Charity, Endowments, and Charitable Institutions in Medieval Islam, p. 70.
Dols, "The Origins of the Islamic Hospital: Myth and Reality," p. 387.
اﺑﻦ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ، اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ واﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ، ج. 11 ص. 141 ؛ ﻋﺰ اﻟﺪﯾﻦ اﺑﻦ اﻻﺛﯿﺮ، اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺦ، ﺑﯿﺮوت: دار اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ، 1881 : 38.
؛ ج. 9 ص. 111 ؛ اﺑﻦ اﻟﺠﻮزي، اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻷﻣﻢ واﻟﻤﻠﻮك، ﺑﯿﺮوت: دار اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﯿﺔ، 1889 : ج. 13 ص. 119 39. اﻟﺬھﺒﻲ، ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻻﺳﻼم ووﻓﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺎھﯿﺮ واﻻﻋﻼم، ج. 93 ص. 95 ؛ ﺟﻼل اﻟﺪﯾﻦ اﻟﺴﯿﻮطﻲ، ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﺎء، ﻣﻜﺔ: ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ دار :ﺑﯿﺮوت اﻟﻤﻠﻮك، دول ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﻘﺮﯾﺰي، اﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﺗﻘﻲ. ﻧﺰارﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ اﻟﺒﺎز،9117 : ج. 1 ص. 919
، 1881 : ج. 3 ص. 98
اﻻﻓﺎق ودار اﻟﺠﯿﻞ دار :ﺑﯿﺮوت اوروﺑﺔ، ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﻀﺎرة اﺛﺮ :اﻟﻐﺮب ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﻄﻊ اﻟﻌﺮب ﺷﻤﺲ ھﻮﻧﻜﮫ، زﯾﻐﺮﯾﺪ 40.
اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة،
David S. Powers, "The Islamic Inheritance System: A Socio-Historical Approach," Arab Law Quarterly 8, no. 1 (1993): p. 14.
.ص 42 .ج واﻻﻋﻼم، اﻟﻤﺸﺎھﯿﺮ ووﻓﯿﺎت اﻻﺳﻼم ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺬھﺒﻲ، 42.
Cyril Elgood, A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate: From the Earliest Times until the Year A.D. 1932 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951), p. 131-133.
.495ص 1 .ج : 1891 ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎب، اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﮭﯿﺌﺔ :اﻟﻘﺎھﺮة اﻟﺰﻣﺎن، أھﻞ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﺎن ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﻲ، اﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﺑﺪر 44.
.ص 93 .ج واﻻﻋﻼم، اﻟﻤﺸﺎھﯿﺮ ووﻓﯿﺎت اﻻﺳﻼم ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺬھﺒﻲ، ; 132 .ص 11 .ج واﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ، اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ، اﺑﻦ 45.
Dunlop, "Bīmāristān in Early Period and Muslim East."
Pormann and Savage-Smith, Medieval Islamic Medicine, p. 98.
A. A. Duri, "Ba Hdād," in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, ed. P. Bearman, et al. (Brill Online, 2013).
.ص 14 .ج واﻟﻤﻠﻮك، اﻷﻣﻢ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻢ اﻟﺠﻮزي، اﺑﻦ 49.
Yvonne Dold-Samplonius, "Sinan Ibn Thabit Ibn Qurra, Abi Sa’ed," in Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography (Detroit: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2008).
Baron Carra De Vaux, "Ṭibb," in First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936, ed. T. Houtsma (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1993), p. 741.
Bürgel and Mottahedeh, "Ażod-Al-Dawla."
Pormann and Savage-Smith, Medieval Islamic Medicine, pp. 98-99.
Elgood, A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate: From the Earliest Times until the Year A.D. 1932, p. 306.