CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE KHANS OF KHIVA AND THE OTTOMAN SULTANS: THE LANGUAGE AND STYLE OF DIPLOMATIC LETTERS
Keywords:
Khiva Khanate, Ottoman Empire, diplomatic correspondence, Nama-i Humayun, titulature, art of insha, embassy protocol, history of KhorezmAbstract
The article analyzes the diplomatic relations between the Khiva Khanate and the Ottoman Empire in the 18th–19th centuries through the example of “Nama-i Humayun” diplomatic letters. Based on the works of historians such as Munis, Agahi, and Bayani, as well as archival documents, the study highlights the structural composition of the letters, the system of titles and the role of the art of “insha” in official communication. The findings indicate that diplomatic correspondence served as the primary tool for spiritually and culturally reinforcing the political alliance between the two states.
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