“DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY: PROBLEMS OF DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. LITERATURE REVIEW"
Keywords:
type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, biochemical parametersAbstract
The purpose of the study is to review the literature on the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.
Material and research methods. In order to analyze the literature, a keyword search was performed in Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus and other sites over the past 5-10 years.
Research results. The pathogenesis of DN is very complex and is still not fully understood, which leads to poor therapeutic results. Standard therapy with strict control of blood sugar and blood pressure has been shown to fail to stop the progression of DN to terminal stage of chronic kidney disease and the mortality associated with DN. Improving understanding and studying the pathogenetic mechanisms of DN is important for the development of new treatment strategies for DN. There are multiple pathways and mediators involved in the development and progression of DN, including oxidative stress, angiotensin II (Ang-II), and inflammatory processes, which have recently been suggested to play important roles.
Conclusions. A review of the literature showed that there is an urgent need to improve the understanding of the mechanism of DN and then develop new and effective therapeutic approaches to slow the progression of DN.
References
Arora M. K. and U. K. Singh, “Molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy: an update,” // Vascular Pharmacology, vol. 58, pp. 259–271, 2013.
Awad A. S., G. R. Kinsey, K. Khutsishvili, T. Gao, W. K. Bolton, and M. D. Okusa, “Monocyte/macrophage chemokine receptor CCR2 mediates diabetic renal injury,” //American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, vol. 301, pp. F1358–F1366, 2011.
. Biswas S. K., “Does the interdependence between oxidative stress and inflammation explain the antioxidant paradox?” //Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, vol. 2016, Article ID 5698931, 2016.
Burrows N. R., I. Hora, L. S. Geiss, E. W. Gregg, and A. Albright, “Incidence of end-stage renal disease attributed to diabetes among persons with diagnosed diabetes—United States and Puerto Rico, 2000-2014,” //MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, vol. 66, pp. 1165–1170, 2017.
Caramori M. L., Y. Kim, C. Huang et al., “Cellular basis of diabetic nephropathy: 1. study design and renal structural-functional relationships in patients with long-standing Type 1 diabetes,” // Diabetes, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 506–513, 2002.
Castellani P., E. Balza, and A. Rubartelli, “Inflammation, DAMPs, tumor development, and progression: a vicious circle orchestrated by redox signaling,” // Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, vol. 20, pp. 1086–1097, 2014.
Chen Y, K. Lee, Z. Ni, and J. C. He, “Diabetic kidney disease: challenges, advances, and opportunities,” //Kidney Diseases, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 215–225, 2020.
Donate-Correa J., D. Luis-Rodríguez, E. Martín-Núñez et al., “Inflammatory targets in diabetic nephropathy,” //Journal of Clinical Medicine, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 458, 2020.
Dronavalli S., I. Duka, and G. L. Bakris, “The pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy,” //Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 4, pp. 444–452, 2008.
Gnudi L., “Cellular and molecular mechanisms of diabetic glomerulopathy,” //Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol. 27, pp. 2642–2649, 2012.
Gross J. L., M. J. de Azevedo, S. P. Silveiro, L. H. Canani, M. L. Caramori, and T. Zelmanovitz, “Diabetic nephropathy: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment,” //Diabetes Care, vol. 28, pp. 164–176, 2005.
Gheith O., N. Farouk, N. Nampoory, M. A. Halim, and T. Al-Otaibi, “Diabetic kidney disease: worldwide difference of prevalence and risk factors,” // Journal of Nephropharmacology, vol. 5, pp. 49–56, 2015.
Fioretto P., M. W. Steffes, and M. Mauer, “Glomerular structure in nonproteinuric IDDM patients with various levels of albuminuria,” //Diabetes, vol. 43, pp. 1358–1364, 1994.
. Kafle D., N. Signh, S. K. Singh, N. Singh, and N. Islam, “Relationship between hyperglycaemia, inflammation and oxidative stress in type2 diabetic nephropathy subjects,” // International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archive, vol. 3, pp. 1203–1206, 2012.
Kao M. P., D. S. Ang, A. Pall, and A. D. Struthers, “Oxidative stress in renal dysfunction: mechanisms, clinical sequelae and therapeutic options,” Journal of Human Hypertension, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2010.
Kopel J., C. Pena-Hernandez, and K. Nugent, “Evolving spectrum of diabetic nephropathy,” //World Journal of Diabetes, vol. 10, pp. 269–279, 2019.
Kramer H. J., Q. D. Nguyen, G. Curhan, and C. Hsu, “Renal insufficiency in the absence of albuminuria and retinopathy among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus,” //JAMA, vol. 289, pp. 3273–3277, 2003.
Lim A. K. and G. H. Tesch, “Inflammation in diabetic nephropathy,” //Mediators of Inflammation, vol. 2012, Article ID 146154, 2012.
Liu Y., “Cellular and molecular mechanisms of renal fibrosis,” // Nature Reviews Nephrology, vol. 7, pp. 684–696, 2011.
Perkins B. A., L. H. Ficociello, K. H. Silva, D. M. Finkelstein, J. H. Warram, and A. S. Krolewski, “Regression of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes,” //New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 348, pp. 2285–2293, 2003.
Pérez-Morales R. E., M. D. del Pino, J. M. Valdivielso, A. Ortiz, C. Mora-Fernández, and J. F. Navarro-González, “Inflammation in diabetic kidney disease,” // Nephron., vol. 143, pp. 12–16, 2019.
Shang J., L. Wang, Y. Zhang et al., “Chemerin/ChemR23 axis promotes inflammation of glomerular endothelial cells in diabetic nephropathy,” // Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 3417–3428, 2019.
Stenvinkel P., “Chronic kidney disease: a public health priority and harbinger of premature cardiovascular disease,” // Journal of Internal Medicine, vol. 268, pp. 456–467, 2010.
Susztak K. and E. P. Böttinger, “Diabetic nephropathy: a frontier for personalized medicine,” Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 17, pp. 361–367, 2006.
Tavafi, M. “Diabetic nephropathy and antioxidants,” // Journal of Nephropathology, vol. 2, pp. 20–27, 2013.
Thallas-Bonke V., S. R. Thorpe, M. T. Coughlan et al., “Inhibition of NADPH Oxidase prevents advanced glycation end product-mediated Damage in diabetic nephropathy through a protein kinase C- -Dependent pathway,” //Diabetes, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 460–469, 2008.
Trevisan R., M. Vedovato, C. Mazzon et al., “Concomitance of diabetic retinopathy and proteinuria accelerates the rate of decline of kidney function in type 2 diabetic patients,” //Diabetes Care, vol. 25, pp. 2026–2031, 2002.
Tucker P. S., A. T. Scanlan, and V. J. Dalbo, “Chronic kidney disease influences multiple systems: describing the relationship between oxidative stress, inflammation, kidney damage, and concomitant disease, //” Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, vol. 2015, Article ID 806358, 2015.
Valencia W. M. and H. Florez, “How to prevent the microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes beyond glucose control,” BMJ, vol. 356, article i6505, 2017
Vaziri N. D. and B. Rodríguez-Iturbe, “Mechanisms of disease: oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathogenesis of hypertension, //” Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology, vol. 2, pp. 582–593, 2006.
Wennmann. D. O., H.-H. Hsu, and H. Pavenstädt, “The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in podocytes,” // Seminars in Nephrology, vol. 32, pp. 377–384, 2012.
Xue R., D. Gui, L. Zheng, R. Zhai, F. Wang, and N. Wang, “Mechanistic insight and management of diabetic nephropathy: recent progress and future perspective,” //Journal of Diabetes Research, vol. 2017, Article ID 1839809, 7 pages, 2017.
Xu G., K. Luo, H. Liu, T. Huang, X. Fang, and W. Tu, “The progress of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with chronic kidney disease,” //Renal Failure, vol. 37, pp. 45–49, 2015.
Yamagishi S. and T. Matsui, “Advanced glycation end products, oxidative stress and diabetic nephropathy,” //Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, vol. 3, 108 pages, 2010.
Zhang.L, J. Long, W. Jiang et al., “Trends in chronic kidney disease in China,” //New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 375, pp. 905-906, 2016.
Samsu N. Diabetic Nephropathy: Challenges in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment. //Biomed Res Int. 2021 Jul 8;2021:1497449. Doi: 10.1155/2021/1497449.
