ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION IN COVID-19
Keywords:
COVID-19; endocrine diseases; adrenal glands; hypothalamic-pituitary system; thyroid gland; testicular systemAbstract
This article presents an unsystematized review of the literature on the endocrine complications of coronavirus infection. The main focus is on dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary system, adrenal glands and thyroid gland. Literature data on the prevalence and course of some autoimmune thyroid diseases against the background of COVID-19 were analyzed.
References
Akbas, E. M., &Akbas, N. (2021). COVID-19, adrenal gland, glucocorticoids, and adrenal insufficiency. Biomedical papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia, 165(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5507/bp.2021.011
Pal, R., & Banerjee, M. (2020). COVID-19 and the endocrine system: exploring the unexplored. Journal of endocrinological investigation, 43(7), 1027–1031. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01276-8
Pal R. (2020). COVID-19, hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and clinical implications. Endocrine, 68(2), 251–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-020-02325-1
Puig-Domingo, M., Marazuela, M., Yildiz, B. O., &Giustina, A. (2021). COVID-19 and endocrine and metabolic diseases. An updated statement from the European Society of Endocrinology. Endocrine, 72(2), 301–316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-021-02734-w
Clarke, S. A., Abbara, A., &Dhillo, W. S. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 on the Endocrine System: A Mini-review. Endocrinology, 163(1), bqab203. https://doi.org/10.1210/endocr/bqab203
Garg, M. K., Gopalakrishnan, M., Yadav, P., &Misra, S. (2020). Endocrine Involvement in COVID-19: Mechanisms, Clinical Features, and Implications for Care. Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism, 24(5), 381–386. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijem.IJEM_440_20
Garg, M. K., Gopalakrishnan, M., Yadav, P., &Misra, S. (2020). Endocrine Involvement in COVID-19: Mechanisms, Clinical Features, and Implications for Care. Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism, 24(5), 381–386. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijem.IJEM_440_20
Frara, S., Loli, P., Allora, A., Santini, C., di Filippo, L., Mortini, P., Fleseriu, M., &Giustina, A. (2021). COVID-19 and hypopituitarism. Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders, 1–17. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-021-09672-y
Chen, W., Tian, Y., Li, Z., Zhu, J., Wei, T., & Lei, J. (2021). Potential Interaction Between SARS-CoV-2 and Thyroid: A Review. Endocrinology, 162(3), bqab004. https://doi.org/10.1210/endocr/bqab004
Speer, G., & Somogyi, P. (2021). Thyroid complications of SARS and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Endocrine journal, 68(2), 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ20-0443
Khoo, B., Tan, T., Clarke, S. A., Mills, E. G., Patel, B., Modi, M., Phylactou, M., Eng, P. C., Thurston, L., Alexander, E. C., Meeran, K., Comninos, A. N., Abbara, A., &Dhillo, W. S. (2021). Thyroid Function Before, During, and After COVID-19. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 106(2), e803–e811. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa830
Naguib R. (2022). Potential relationships between COVID-19 and the thyroid gland: an update. The Journal of international medical research, 50(2), 3000605221082898. https://doi.org/10.1177/03000605221082898
Lisco, G., De Tullio, A., Jirillo, E., Giagulli, V. A., De Pergola, G., Guastamacchia, E., &Triggiani, V. (2021). Thyroid and COVID-19: a review on pathophysiological, clinical and organizational aspects. Journal of endocrinological investigation, 44(9), 1801–1814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-021-01554-z
Chen, M., Zhou, W., & Xu, W. (2021). Thyroid Function Analysis in 50 Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Study. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 31(1), 8–11. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2020.0363
Lui, D., Lee, C. H., Chow, W. S., Lee, A., Tam, A. R., Fong, C., Law, C. Y., Leung, E., To, K., Tan, K., Woo, Y. C., Lam, C. W., Hung, I., & Lam, K. (2021). Thyroid Dysfunction in Relation to Immune Profile, Disease Status, and Outcome in 191 Patients with COVID-19. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 106(2), e926–e935. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa813
Trimboli, P., Camponovo, C., Scappaticcio, L., Bellastella, G., Piccardo, A., &Rotondi, M. (2021). Thyroid sequelae of COVID-19: a systematic review of reviews. Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders, 22(2), 485–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-021-09653-1
Brann DH, Tsukahara T, Weinreb C, Logan DW, Datta SR (2020) Non-neural expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory epithelium suggests mechanisms underlying anosmia in COVID-19 patients [Internet] [cited 2020 Apr 2]. Available from: https ://biorx iv.org/looku p/
doi/10.1101/2020.03.25.00908 4. Accessed 2 Apr 2020
R. Pal · M. Banerjee (2020) COVID‑19 and the endocrine system: exploring the unexplored.Journal of Endocrinological Investigation (2020) Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01276-8. Accessed 2 May 2020
