IMMUNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS WITH COMORBID BRONCHIAL ASTHMA AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

Abstract

The article presents a comparative analysis of cytokine profile characteristics in patients with bronchial asthma, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and their combination. The levels of IL-6 and IL-10, as key mediators of immune-inflammatory activation, were studied in relation to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism parameters, leptin, systemic inflammatory markers, and respiratory function. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the combination of bronchial asthma and type 2 diabetes mellitus was characterized by the most pronounced pro-inflammatory activity, accompanied by a simultaneous increase in the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Strong immunometabolic associations were identified: leptin levels were positively associated with IL-6 and IL-10, as well as with atherogenic lipid profile parameters, and negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. IL-6 levels showed strong correlations with C-reactive protein (CRP) and IgE, while its concentration was significantly higher in the presence of pronounced hyperglycemia. Furthermore, increased IL-6 levels were accompanied by reduced respiratory function parameters, as confirmed by a strong negative correlation with forced vital capacity (FVC). Thus, the combination of bronchial asthma and type 2 diabetes mellitus forms a distinct immunometabolic phenotype in which hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and elevated leptin levels are associated with increased systemic inflammation and impaired functional status of the respiratory system.